Italy has done too little to protect residents in the Naples/Caserta/Nola triangle from the health consequences of illegal waste incineration and has been condemned by the European Court of Human Rights to establish an independent monitoring mechanism and a platform for informing the public (judgment of January 30, 2025, complaint 51567/14).

The Italian state had defended itself by arguing that it had already taken many measures to protect the population; the Court considered these to be insufficient, and particularly the number of cases prosecuted (only 7 convictions!) did not demonstrate any particular zeal on the part of the authorities.